The university changed its name in 1899 to the University of Arkansas. It was in operation from 1834 to 1891.Īrkansas Industrial University was founded in the growing community of Fayetteville in 1871 after William McIlroy a donated farmland for the site. Ĭane Hill College was founded in Cane Hill one day after Arkansas College in Fayetteville. In 1856, what appears to be an act of vengeance, prompted by a Black woman killing, in self-defense, a white man who sexually assaulted her, led to the lynching of two Black men and the hanging of another.
A Butterfield Overland Mail route was established through the county in 1858, causing more families to settle there. The county then was sparsely settled and the residents were divided in their allegiance, since it had few enslaved people, plantations almost nonexistent, and political news came by White River travelers, not from the pro-Confederate southern part of the state. The county witnessed major battles during the American Civil War, including the Battle of Fayetteville, the Battle of Prairie Grove, and the Battle of Cane Hill. Īrkansas College and Cane Hill College were both founded in Washington County within a day of each other in 1834, with the University of Arkansas being founded in Fayetteville in 1871. The Lee Creek Valley in southern Washington County contained many of the county's early settlements, including Cane Hill and Evansville. The court house was centrally located in the city of Washington, modern-day Fayetteville (renamed to avoid confusion with Washington, Arkansas in South Arkansas). The area was next known as Lovely County, and one year later Washington County was created after another Cherokee treaty. Washington County began as part of the Cherokee Territory, following an 1817 treaty. The site of the Civil War battle at Prairie Grove is now a state park. It is included in the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Statistical Area. Today, Washington County contains eight public school districts, including two of the largest districts in the state ( Springdale Public Schools and Fayetteville Public Schools) and two private schools. A Washington County campus of the Northwest Arkansas Community College was opened in 2019 in Springdale. The University of Arkansas, the largest four-year college in the state, was established in Fayetteville in 1871. Washington County has long had a reputation for education in the state. Politically, Washington County had transitioned from reliably Democratic to steadily Republican in national and state elections from the mid-20th century to the mid-2000s but has begun to trend back towards Democrats, with local offices following suit. Poverty rates, median household income, and unemployment rates best state averages, but lag national trends. The economy is largely based on the business/management, education, sales, office/administration, and poultry production industries. Washington County occupies 951.72 square miles (243,220 ha) and contained a population of 245,871 people in 89,249 households as of the 2020 Census, ranking it 4th in size and 3rd in population among the state's 75 counties.
Other historical features such as Civil War battlefields, log cabins, one-room school houses, community centers, and museums describe the history and culture of Washington County. It contains three segments of the Ozark National Forest, two state parks, two Wildlife Management Areas, the Garrett Hollow Natural Area, and dozens of city parks. Located within the Ozark Mountains, the county is roughly divided into two halves: the rolling Springfield Plateau in the more populous north of the county and the steeper, forested Boston Mountains in the much less populated south. The county is named for George Washington, the first President of the United States. The county is also the site of small towns, bedroom communities, and unincorporated places. Created as Arkansas's 17th county on November 30, 1848, Washington County has 13 incorporated municipalities, including Fayetteville, the county seat, and Springdale. Washington County is a regional economic, educational, and cultural hub in the Northwest Arkansas region.
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